Healthy nails are a sign of good hygiene and overall health. They protect the tips of our fingers and toes and, like hair, can reflect systemic conditions affecting the body. Nail care is crucial to avoid infections and other problems.
Common Nail Conditions
Fungal Nail Infections (Onychomycosis)
A fungal infection that affects the toenails or fingernails, causing them to thicken, become discolored, and sometimes crumble. This infection typically develops in warm, moist environments and is common in athletes.
Ingrown Toenails
This occurs when the edge of the nail grows into the surrounding skin, causing pain, swelling, and sometimes infection. It is more common in the toenails and can be caused by improper nail trimming, tight shoes, or injury.
Nail Psoriasis
A manifestation of psoriasis that affects the nails, causing pitting (small depressions), thickening, and separation of the nail from the nail bed (onycholysis). It may also cause discoloration and the appearance of reddish spots.
Brittle or Discolored Nails
Nails that are weak, prone to breaking, or change color may indicate deficiencies, frequent exposure to water or chemicals, or systemic conditions like anemia or liver disease.
Paronychia (Nail Infection)
This is an infection of the skin around the nails, often caused by bacteria or fungi. It leads to swelling, redness, and sometimes pus-filled blisters around the nail bed.
Diagnostic Tools
Dermatologists use various diagnostic techniques to identify nail conditions and ensure appropriate treatment:
Nail Biopsy
A small portion of the nail or surrounding tissue is removed for testing if there is suspicion of conditions like psoriasis, melanoma, or infections.
Fungal Culture Test
If a fungal infection is suspected, a sample of the nail is taken and tested in a lab to identify the type of fungus, which helps in determining the best treatment.
Blood Tests to Rule Out Systemic Diseases
Sometimes nail changes can indicate conditions like anemia, diabetes, or thyroid issues. Blood tests are ordered to identify any underlying health problems.
Dermatoscopy
A non-invasive method used to examine the nail and surrounding skin, allowing for better assessment of conditions like melanonychia (dark stripes on nails) or nail psoriasis.
Treatment Options
Medical dermatology offers a wide array of treatment options:
Antifungal Medications (Oral and Topical):
Topical treatments include antifungal nail lacquers or creams, while oral antifungal medications are prescribed for more severe or persistent fungal infections.
Nail Removal (For Severe Infections):
In some cases, the infected nail may need to be removed either surgically or chemically to allow for the growth of a healthy nail. This is often used when infections are not responding to medication.
Moisturizing Treatments:
Dry, brittle nails can benefit from regular moisturizing using lotions or oils designed for nails and cuticles. Ingredients like vitamin E can strengthen nails and improve flexibility.
Biotin Supplements:
Biotin is a B vitamin that helps to strengthen nails and promote growth. Supplements are often recommended for individuals with brittle or weak nails.
Corrective Surgery for Ingrown Nails:
For recurrent ingrown toenails, a minor surgical procedure may be needed to remove part of the nail or permanently prevent the edge of the nail from growing into the skin.
Preventative Care
Keep Nails Trimmed and Clean:
Regular trimming prevents nails from becoming too long or ragged, reducing the risk of injury or infection. Keeping them clean prevents bacterial and fungal buildup.
Avoid Nail-Biting:
Biting nails can cause them to become weak and damaged, and it introduces bacteria into the mouth and nail area, increasing the risk of infections.
Wear Breathable Footwear:
Wearing shoes that allow your feet to breathe can reduce moisture and prevent fungal infections. Proper-fitting footwear can also help prevent ingrown toenails.
Moisturize Cuticles Regularly:
Keeping your cuticles moisturized helps to prevent hangnails and maintain healthy nail growth. Cuticle oils and creams are especially helpful.
Use Antifungal Powders if Prone to Infections:
If you frequently suffer from athlete’s foot or fungal infections, using antifungal powders in shoes and socks can help prevent recurrence.
Visit Dermatologist if –
It’s important to seek professional help if you experience: